An active balancer with rapid bidirectional charge shuttling and adaptive equalization current control for lithium-ion battery strings

This article proposes an active balancer, which features bidirectional charge shuttling and adaptive equalization current control, to fast counterbalance the state of charge (SOC) of cells in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) string. The power circuit consists of certain bidirectional buck-boost converters to transfer energy among the different cells back and forth. Owing to the characterization of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) vs SOC in LIB being relatively smooth near the SOC middle range, the SOC-inspected balance strategy can achieve more precise and efficient equilibrium than the voltage-based control. Accordingly, a compensated OCV-based SOC estimation is put forward to take into account the discrepancy of SOC estimation. Besides, the varied-duty-cycle (VDC) and curve-fitting modulation (CFM) methods are devised herein to tackle the problems of slow equalization rate and low balance efficacy, which arise from the diminution in balancing current as the SOC difference between the cells decreases in the later duration of equalization especially. The proposed strategies have taken the battery nonlinear characteristic and circuit parameter nonideality into account and can adaptively modulate the duty cycle with the SOC difference to keep balancing current constant throughout the balancing cycle. Simulated and experimental results are given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the same prototype constructed. Compared with the fixed duty cycle and the VDC methods, the proposed CFM has the best balancing efficiency of 81.4%, and the balance time is shortened by 27.1% and 18.6%, respectively.     

“流空间”视角下的城市空间网络结构研究——以成渝双城经济圈为例

推动区域协调发展已经成为构建高质量发展国土空间布局的客观需要和解决发展不平衡问题的内在需求，以城市群为核心的经济圈建设成为驱动高质量发展的重要空间层级。为实现成渝双城经济圈的区域一体化及区域多层级协调发展，将流动的生产资源与城市空间结构相结合，基于人流、信息流、技术流、经济流四大流动资源，采用社会网络分析方法，分别从点、线、面3个维度对成渝双城经济圈空间网络结构特征进行分析。研究表明：经济圈内部呈现以成都、重庆为双核心的结构，区域间相互作用，城市中心性整体表现出内部优于外部的空间特征，核心城市对外围城市未充分发挥带动作用；圈内城市链接多表现出高度不对称性，链接对称地区主要集中在成渝中轴地区，城市间的联系有待加强，经济圈外围城市与外界联系较少；区域内部小团体现象明显，团体间联系密度存在差异，整体来看城市集群格局尚未形成，跨省域、跨地区的联系不够，成渝双城经济圈主要是西侧地区围绕成都发展。最后，为构建成渝经济圈一体化及区域多层级协调发展的空间格局，建议突破行政区域限制，构建多领域的跨区域共享协作通道；加强中部地区发展动力，提高外围城市的资源吸收能力；注重经济圈内城市交通建设及信息融合发展，突出核心城市的引领作用和外溢属性，促进城市间技术交流与经济融合。     

MOF-derived multi-metal embedded N-doped carbon sheets rich in CNTs as efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable ZABs

The rational design and preparation of bifunctional electrocatalysts with pleasant oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance is crucial for extensive commercial applications of rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, we report a simple method to obtain multi-metal (Fe, Ni, Zn) embedded in N-doped carbon sheets entangled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as superior oxygen electrocatalysts (FeNi-NCS-2). The resultant FeNi-NCS-2 exhibits an impressive electrochemical performance, providing a reversible oxygen overpotential as low as 0.758 V. The ZAB with FeNi-NCS-2 as the air cathode shows a promising capacity of 639.71 mAh g^?1 at 20 mA cm^?2, a power density of 109.8 mW cm^?2 and cycling stability of over 130 cycles at 10 mA cm^?2 with an energy efficiency of about 55%, superior to the ZAB based on Pt/C–IrO₂. The satisfactory electrocatalytic performance is mainly due to the Fe, Ni-based nanoparticles protected by graphitic carbon layers, hierarchical porous lamellar structures that promote the accessibility between the active centers and the electrolyte as well as self-growing tangled carbon nanotubes that provide fast transmission channels. This study presents a facile way for the synthesis of highly efficient ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts for high-performance rechargeable ZABs.     

曲线双工字钢组合梁桥横梁受力分析研究

为了研究主梁腹板纵桥向翘曲变形对横梁内力的影响,在现有横梁框架模型基础上,根据符拉索夫薄壁结构理论得到集中荷载作用下简支曲线双工字钢组合梁桥翘曲变形、结构扭转角等物理参数沿跨径的分布规律。利用主梁腹板与横梁的变形协调关系分析横梁的纵桥向变形,得到横梁内力组成以及截面正应力分布规律并进行有限元分析验证。结果表明:基于符拉索夫薄壁结构理论分析得到的横梁截面正应力分布规律与有限元计算得到的规律基本一致; 靠近加载点的横梁正应力以“竖向弯曲效应”为主导,靠近支座截面的横梁“腹板变形不一致效应”大于加载点截面附近横梁; 加载点截面两侧腹板翘曲变形方向相反,导致横梁的截面正应力分布规律相反; 横梁竖向弯曲变形产生的应力与主梁弯矩分布规律类似,纵桥向弯曲变形产生的应力与扭率分布规律类似。     

Iron-based sulfur and nitrogen dual doped porous carbon as durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

The widespread use of fuel cell technology is hampered by the use of expensive and scarce platinum metal in electrodes which is required to facilitate the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this work, a viable synthetic approach was developed to prepare iron-based sulfur and nitrogen dual doped porous carbon (Fe@SNDC) for use in ORR. Benzimidazole, a commercially available monomer, was used as a precursor for N doped carbon and calcined with potassium thiocyanate at different temperatures to tune the pore size, nitrogen content and different types of nitrogen functionality such as pyridinic, pyrrolic and graphitic. The Fe@SNDC–950 with high surface area, optimum N content of about 5 at% and high amount of pyridinic and graphitic N displayed an onset potential and half-wave potential of 0.98 and 0.83 V vs RHE, respectively, in 0.1 M KOH solution. The catalyst also exhibits similar oxygen reduction reaction performance compared to Pt/C (20 wt%) in acidic media. Furthermore, when compared to commercially available Pt/C (20 wt%), Fe@SNDC–950 showed enhanced durability over 6 h and poison tolerance in case of methanol crossover with the concentration up to 3.0 M in oxygen saturated alkaline electrolyte. Our study demonstrates that the presence of N and S along with Fe-N moieties synergistically served as ORR active sites while the high surface area with accessible pores allowed for efficient mass transfer and interaction of oxygen molecules to the active sites contributing to the ORR activity of the catalyst.     

减少矩阵变换器输出电压谐波的控制策略

在传统的双电压合成原理的基础上，提出了一种减少输出电压谐波的矩阵变换器控制策略.新调制策略在一个采样周期内，通过在高输出电压时，使最大输出线电压由三输入线电压脉冲波形成，其他两相输出电压由非最大的两输入线电压脉冲波和零电压形成，同样条件下窄脉冲数量较传统的双电压合成调制策略减少；在低电压输出时，三输出线电压均由非最大的两输入线电压脉冲和零电压形成，较传统的双电压合成调制策略窄脉冲数量有大量的减少，输出电压谐波得到较大的抑制；在输入电压的最高及最低相电压间无换流，降低了开关损失；低电压输出时的零矢量为输入相电压的中间值相，负载中性点的共模电压得到了抑制.在Matlab软件仿真研究的基础上，通过dSPACE硬件实时仿真平台对该控制策略进行了实验，仿真及实验结果验证了该控制策略的正确性.     

基于金属Gd的室温旋转式磁致冷演示样机的设计

磁致冷是利用磁介质在其居里温度Tc附近具有较大磁热效应的特性实现的一种物理现象.以稀土金属Gd为磁致冷材料,对室温旋转式磁致冷演示样机进行了结构设计,演示样机可达4.4K的制冷温跨,用于设计性实验教学,具有良好的示范作用.     

铜冶炼急冷转炉渣与缓冷电炉渣混合浮选生产实践

本文针对云南楚雄滇中有色金属有限责任公司生产过程中产生的急冷转炉渣、缓冷电炉渣混合浮选进行生产实践,采用二段一闭路破碎,两段连续磨矿,两粗选,两扫选和三次精选工艺。通过采取控制入选品位,改造渣浮选碎矿系统,改变药剂添加位置及添加比例,优化浮选流程等措施,急冷转炉渣与缓冷电炉渣混合浮选后获得铜精矿品位为20.6%,尾矿品位0.43%,铜回收率达87%以上,取得了较好的浮选工艺指标。     

去除水中黄药的试验研究

为给选矿废水中残余黄药的去除提供依据，分别采用自然曝晒法、漂白粉氧化法、酸化分解法、亚铁沉淀法、活性炭吸附法对配制的黄药水溶液进行了黄药降解试验，结果表明，以上诸方法均能较彻底地去除溶液中的黄药，使水中的黄原酸盐浓度达到国家排放标准。其中亚铁沉淀法、漂白粉氧化法药剂来源容易，价格便宜，工艺简单，效果好，较适合处理含黄药选矿废水。